Evaluation of neuroprotective effect of flupirtine in brain of albino rats

Background: Flupirtine (FP) is found to antagonize both glutamate and N methyl, D aspartate (NMDA) and the current study was undertaken to elucidate a possible neuroprotective role of flupirtine against NMDA induced neurotoxicity in experimental rat model.Methods: Excitotoxicty was produced in rat and it is counteracted by flupirtine. The animals were grouped as Group 1 (vehicle treated), Group 2 (received NMDA+vehicle), Group 3 (received FP+NMDA only), and Group 4 (received FP+vehicle) and were observed of animal behavior and oxidative stress biomarkers and also mRNA expression using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR PCR) was performed to determine the level of mRNA expression of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and muscarinic cholinergic receptor (MChR) in brain samples (hippocampus) of experimental animals.Results: Depression effect induced by NMDA was reversed by flupirtine. Decrease in oxidative stress bio-markers associated with increase in the antioxidant enzyme activities in group 3 and 4 compared to group 1 and 2. Gene expression were up-regulated in group 2 compared to 1, 3 and 4. Flupritine treatment reversed these alterations.Conclusions: This study represents the neuroprotective characteristics of flupiritne against the excitotoxicity induced by NMDA in an in vivo rat models

Ethanol Production from Bioresources and Its Kinetic Modeling: Optimization Methods

Ethanol is viable alternative fuel and it’s substitute to fossil fuel has gained importance with rise in fuel prices. The chapter elaborates about methods of production from different types of bio resources like molasses, starch and cellulose commercially. The chapter also details about different methods of pretreatment for cellulisic and starchy raw materials. This also includes hydrolysis using acid and enzymes. The modes of ethanol fermentation using bioreactors like batch fed batch and continuous operation will be discussed. The growth kinetics models like monad logistic model will be elaborated. The product formation growth associated models like Leudiking piret model and parameter estimation methods will be described. Optimization of process variables using response surface methodology and media optimization using PB design will be elaborated. The application of ANN in modeling will be described

RecombinantWolbachia surface protein (WSP)-induced T cell responses in Wuchereria bancrofti infections

Human lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating parasitic disease characterized by downregulation of the host’s immune response in asymptomatic carriers along with profound hyperreactivity in chronic patients apart from putatively immune endemic normals. The endosymbiont Wolbachia, a bacterium of filarial nematodes has received much attention as possible chemotherapeutic target and its involvement in disease pathogenesis. The role of recombinant Wolbachia surface protein (rWSP), one of the most abundantly expressed proteins of the endosymbiont, in modulating cell-mediated immune responses in patients harboring Wuchereria bancrofti infections was evaluated in the current study. rWSP-induced lymphoproliferation with peripheral blood mononuclear cells suggested an impaired proliferative response in asymptomatic microfilaremic (MF) and symptomatic chronic pathology (CP) patients compared to endemic normals (EN). This was further supported by a significantly diminished expression of CD69 along with elevated levels of CD127 and CD62L in filarial patients (MF and CP) compared to EN. Further, rWSP induced the expression of regulatory T cell markers CTLA-4 and CD25 along with suppressor cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β in MF and CP patients compared to EN. However, the rWSP-stimulated expression of IFN-γ was diminished significantly in filarial patients compared to endemic normals. Thus, these findings suggest that WSP may also contribute to the suppression of immune responses seen in filarial patients

Photocatalytic and biomedical investigation of green synthesized NiONPs: Toxicities and degradation pathways of Congo red dye

In this study the biomedical and catalytic ability of green synthesized nickel Oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) was investigated. The extract of medicinal plant Tribulus terrestris were used to synthesized NiONPs. The as-synthesized NiONPs were in nano scale and were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The synthesis of NiONPs was ensured with surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) at 425 nm and the strong EDX. The effect of different concentrations of plant extract on the size of NiONPs was evaluated. The HRTEM results showed particle size between 60 - 90 nm. The study showed that lesser the extract concentration, more spherical and small sized particles were obtained without aggregation. The biological applications of NiONPs were evaluated against different fungal species like Asper gillusflavus, Asper gillusfumigatus, Asper gillusniger and standard medicine Terbinafine. A. niger, A. flavus and A. fumigatus exhibited 57, 63 and 52 % inhibition compared with inhibition of the reference medicine which is 98, 100 and 100%. NiONPs have been shown to be more effective against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria like E. Coli 9(±0.7) and S. aureus13 (±0.8). Moreover, antioxidant properties of the as-synthesized NiONPs were evaluated with 2, 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) (DPPH). The catalytic ability of green synthesized of NiONP was investigated for the degradation of Congo red dye (CR) as a hazardous environmentally contaminations in water. The biosynthesized NiONPs were found to be active catalytic for the degradation toxic dyes like CR. the catalytic activity of NiONPs can be explained by its small size compared with balk material. Mechanisms for CR degradation have been proposed. The Ecotoxicity of CR and components derived from dye was investigated with Ecological Structure Activity Relationship (ECOSAR) program

Recombinant Wolbachia heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) mediated immune responses in patients with lymphatic filariasis

Wolbachia, an endosymbiont present in filarial nematodes, have been implicated in a variety of roles, including the worm development and survival. Elucidation of the role of Wolbachia in filarial nematode biology and pathogenesis has become the focus of many studies and its contribution to parasite survival or immune response is still unclear. Recombinant Wolbachia HSP60 decreases T cell activation and lymphoproliferation in filarial infected people compared to endemic controls as observed by the assessment of T cell activation markers and cytokine responses in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Reduced T cell activation may be linked to T regulatory cell activity since it is associated with increased expression of CTLA4 and CD25 on CD4þ T cells in filarial infected group upon stimulation with recombinant Wolbachia HSP60. In addition, elevated interleukin-10 and TGF-b cytokines corroborate the reduced CD4þ T cell activation and interferon-g observed upon recombinant Wolbachia HSP60 stimulation in filarial patients. Hence, these findings indicate that Wolbachia HSP60 may also contribute to the immune modulation seen in filarial patients

Recombinant Wolbachia heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) mediated immune responses in patients with lymphatic filariasis

Wolbachia, an endosymbiont present in filarial nematodes, have been implicated in a variety of roles, including the worm development and survival. Elucidation of the role of Wolbachia in filarial nematode biology and pathogenesis has become the focus of many studies and its contribution to parasite survival or immune response is still unclear. Recombinant Wolbachia HSP60 decreases T cell activation and lymphoproliferation in filarial infected people compared to endemic controls as observed by the assessment of T cell activation markers and cytokine responses in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Reduced T cell activation may be linked to T regulatory cell activity since it is associated with increased expression of CTLA4 and CD25 on CD4(+) T cells in filarial infected group upon stimulation with recombinant Wolbachia HSP60. In addition, elevated interleukin-10 and TGF-β cytokines corroborate the reduced CD4(+) T cell activation and interferon-γ observed upon recombinant Wolbachia HSP60 stimulation in filarial patients. Hence, these findings indicate that Wolbachia HSP60 may also contribute to the immune modulation seen in filarial patients